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Code Context
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			'abstract' => '“The notion of the 'Habitat for the greatest number' without unit, implies an original way of thinking. Numbers are replaced by facts.” (Georges Candilis, 1960)',
			'text' => 'The large-scale housing projects in the outskirts of Casablanca had been developed for local migrants who came from rural areas. In Morocco the Service de l’Urbanisme of Michel Écochard which co-operated with ethnologists, geographers and sociologists, was asked for a response to the improvised construction by the rural population, of hut settlements – so-called Bidonvilles – at the outskirts of cities like Casablanca and Rabat. The strategies of the Service de l’Urbanisme in Morocco directed by Michel Ecochard varied from the re-ordering of the slum settlements (restructuration) to temporary re-housing (relogement), and finally to the creation of new housing estates (habitations à loyer moderé) based on a standard grid. The architects assumed that new architectural designs would foster an evolution of new – modern – lifestyles and saw their architecture as the catalyst of an individual as well as a collective process of modernization. The new housing complexes – the Ain Chok, Carrières Centrales, El Hank, and Sidi Othman, among others – were divided into developments for Muslims, Jews, and Europeans. The estates for Muslims were built farther away from the colonial European city on the edge of an empty intermediate zone known as the Zone Sanitaire. It had been created by the protectorate and was bordered by circular roads and a motorway. The Carrières Centrales developments were built next to one of the largest bidonvilles settlements to house growing numbers of rural immigrants in Casablanca. The Cité Horizontale was tested as a series of low-rise patio houses, while the Cité Verticale was tested as a series of high-rise patio houses. The idea behind this field study was to create homes for workers and local employees who worked for the protectorate. However, the rent was so high for most of the people living in the bidonvilles that few could afford a flat that was “built for them.”(MvO)



Sources:

Avermaete, Tom. Another Modern: The Post-war Architecture and Urbanism of Candilis-Josic-Woods. Rotterdam: NAi, 2005.

Cohen, Jean-Louis and Monique Eleb. Casablanca: Colonial Myth and Architectural Ventures. New York: Monacelli Press, 2002.

Eleb, Monique. “An Alternative Functionalist Universalism: Ecochard, Candilis and ATBAT-Afrique.” In Anxious Modernisms Experimentation in Postwar Architectural Culture edited by Sarah Williams Goldhagen and Réjean Legault, 55-74. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000.',
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			'title' => 'The Housing Grid by Michel Ecochard',
			'lead' => 'Modernist Patio Houses in Morocco',
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			'text' => 'In Casablanca, Michel Ecochard, director of the Morocco Department of Urban Planning (1946-1952), developed a specific urban planning concept. 

Knowledge of the social and physical characteristics of the field was a prerequisite to the plan: ‘the art of urban planning’ laid in ‘fitting into reality’. Ecochard used sociological and building surveys to investigate ‘human groups’ in “all of their daily realities, as well as cartographic and statistical analyses, used to identify ‘the city’s fundamental tendencies.” To construct ‘Housing for the Greatest Number’ of the colonized factory workers, Michel Ecochard established a Housing Grid as the main planning instrument for new urban neighborhoods that replaced the numerous bidonvilles from the late 1940s to the mid 1950s. In order to construct ‘housing for the greatest number’ for the colonized factory workers – mostly migrants from rural areas, the Ecochard Grid was dimensioned according to a courtyard dwelling typology, believed to be the appropriate Habitat adapté for the future inhabitants, the former bidonvilles dwellers. His so-called ‘Housing Grid for Muslims’ measured 8 by 8 meters and consisted of two rooms and a large outdoor space, related to the Arabic Patio. Part of the ensuing 64 m2 was organized as a so-called neighborhood unit, resulting in an intricate ground-level structure of patio-dwellings, alleys, and public squares. 

The Ecochard Grid is a very special example of transcultural modernism that was specifically developed in the European colonies. On one hand, Ecochard tried to study the Arabic house and its function, but he also adapted the grid structure and the neighborhood unit concepts by Stein and Perry for his Casablanca low-rise scheme. Moreover, the discourses and practices of the industrialization of building as well as the houses for Existenz Minimum are articulated in these structures. Implemented until 1984, the Ecochard Grid has been the most prevalent planning structure used in Casablanca’s suburbs until today. It has been implemented in other cities in North Africa and the Middle East. (MvO)



Scources:

Avermaete, Tom. Another Modern: The Post-war Architecture and Urbanism of Candilis-Josic-Woods. Rotterdam: NAi, 2005.

Cohen, Jean-Louis and Monique Eleb. Casablanca: Colonial Myth and Architectural Ventures. New York: Monacelli Press, 2002.

Eleb, Monique. “An Alternative Functionalist Universalism: Ecochard, Candilis and ATBAT-Afrique.” In Anxious Modernisms Experimentation in Postwar Architectural Culture edited by Sarah Williams Goldhagen and Réjean Legault, 55-74. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 200



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Morocco gained its independence in 1956.
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			'abstract' => '“The notion of the 'Habitat for the greatest number' without unit, implies an original way of thinking. Numbers are replaced by facts.” (Georges Candilis, 1960)',
			'text' => 'The large-scale housing projects in the outskirts of Casablanca had been developed for local migrants who came from rural areas. In Morocco the Service de l’Urbanisme of Michel Écochard which co-operated with ethnologists, geographers and sociologists, was asked for a response to the improvised construction by the rural population, of hut settlements – so-called Bidonvilles – at the outskirts of cities like Casablanca and Rabat. The strategies of the Service de l’Urbanisme in Morocco directed by Michel Ecochard varied from the re-ordering of the slum settlements (restructuration) to temporary re-housing (relogement), and finally to the creation of new housing estates (habitations à loyer moderé) based on a standard grid. The architects assumed that new architectural designs would foster an evolution of new – modern – lifestyles and saw their architecture as the catalyst of an individual as well as a collective process of modernization. The new housing complexes – the Ain Chok, Carrières Centrales, El Hank, and Sidi Othman, among others – were divided into developments for Muslims, Jews, and Europeans. The estates for Muslims were built farther away from the colonial European city on the edge of an empty intermediate zone known as the Zone Sanitaire. It had been created by the protectorate and was bordered by circular roads and a motorway. The Carrières Centrales developments were built next to one of the largest bidonvilles settlements to house growing numbers of rural immigrants in Casablanca. The Cité Horizontale was tested as a series of low-rise patio houses, while the Cité Verticale was tested as a series of high-rise patio houses. The idea behind this field study was to create homes for workers and local employees who worked for the protectorate. However, the rent was so high for most of the people living in the bidonvilles that few could afford a flat that was “built for them.”(MvO)



Sources:

Avermaete, Tom. Another Modern: The Post-war Architecture and Urbanism of Candilis-Josic-Woods. Rotterdam: NAi, 2005.

Cohen, Jean-Louis and Monique Eleb. Casablanca: Colonial Myth and Architectural Ventures. New York: Monacelli Press, 2002.

Eleb, Monique. “An Alternative Functionalist Universalism: Ecochard, Candilis and ATBAT-Afrique.” In Anxious Modernisms Experimentation in Postwar Architectural Culture edited by Sarah Williams Goldhagen and Réjean Legault, 55-74. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000.',
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			'title' => 'The Housing Grid by Michel Ecochard',
			'lead' => 'Modernist Patio Houses in Morocco',
			'abstract' => '',
			'text' => 'In Casablanca, Michel Ecochard, director of the Morocco Department of Urban Planning (1946-1952), developed a specific urban planning concept. 

Knowledge of the social and physical characteristics of the field was a prerequisite to the plan: ‘the art of urban planning’ laid in ‘fitting into reality’. Ecochard used sociological and building surveys to investigate ‘human groups’ in “all of their daily realities, as well as cartographic and statistical analyses, used to identify ‘the city’s fundamental tendencies.” To construct ‘Housing for the Greatest Number’ of the colonized factory workers, Michel Ecochard established a Housing Grid as the main planning instrument for new urban neighborhoods that replaced the numerous bidonvilles from the late 1940s to the mid 1950s. In order to construct ‘housing for the greatest number’ for the colonized factory workers – mostly migrants from rural areas, the Ecochard Grid was dimensioned according to a courtyard dwelling typology, believed to be the appropriate Habitat adapté for the future inhabitants, the former bidonvilles dwellers. His so-called ‘Housing Grid for Muslims’ measured 8 by 8 meters and consisted of two rooms and a large outdoor space, related to the Arabic Patio. Part of the ensuing 64 m2 was organized as a so-called neighborhood unit, resulting in an intricate ground-level structure of patio-dwellings, alleys, and public squares. 

The Ecochard Grid is a very special example of transcultural modernism that was specifically developed in the European colonies. On one hand, Ecochard tried to study the Arabic house and its function, but he also adapted the grid structure and the neighborhood unit concepts by Stein and Perry for his Casablanca low-rise scheme. Moreover, the discourses and practices of the industrialization of building as well as the houses for Existenz Minimum are articulated in these structures. Implemented until 1984, the Ecochard Grid has been the most prevalent planning structure used in Casablanca’s suburbs until today. It has been implemented in other cities in North Africa and the Middle East. (MvO)



Scources:

Avermaete, Tom. Another Modern: The Post-war Architecture and Urbanism of Candilis-Josic-Woods. Rotterdam: NAi, 2005.

Cohen, Jean-Louis and Monique Eleb. Casablanca: Colonial Myth and Architectural Ventures. New York: Monacelli Press, 2002.

Eleb, Monique. “An Alternative Functionalist Universalism: Ecochard, Candilis and ATBAT-Afrique.” In Anxious Modernisms Experimentation in Postwar Architectural Culture edited by Sarah Williams Goldhagen and Réjean Legault, 55-74. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 200



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			'user_id' => '1',
			'usergroup_id' => '4',
			'thread_type_id' => '0',
			'asset_repositoty' => '0',
			'title' => 'Logbook',
			'abstract' => '',
			'note' => '',
			'created' => '2010-09-29 15:28:10',
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$thesesThreadId = (int) 28
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		'title' => 'Info',
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$div = '<div class="nav-page" id="nav_page_26"><div>Info</div></div>'
in_array - [internal], line ??
include - APP/View/Elements/website/topnavigation.ctp, line 60
View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971
View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933
View::_renderElement() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 1224
View::element() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 418
include - APP/View/Website/asset.ctp, line 4
View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971
View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933
View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473
Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 968
Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 200
Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 167
[main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 107

Notice (8): Undefined variable: parent_thread_ids [APP/View/Elements/website/topnavigation.ctp, line 60]
Code Context
                    $div .= '</div></div>';
                    
                    $act = in_array($pageThread['Thread']['id'], $parent_thread_ids);
$viewFile = '/home/httpd/vhosts/k3000.ch/transculturalmodernism.org/app/View/Elements/website/topnavigation.ctp'
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			'title' => 'Website',
			'abstract' => 'Threads to store data for the Website…',
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			'title' => 'Service de l’Urbanisme',
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			'abstract' => '“The notion of the 'Habitat for the greatest number' without unit, implies an original way of thinking. Numbers are replaced by facts.” (Georges Candilis, 1960)',
			'text' => 'The large-scale housing projects in the outskirts of Casablanca had been developed for local migrants who came from rural areas. In Morocco the Service de l’Urbanisme of Michel Écochard which co-operated with ethnologists, geographers and sociologists, was asked for a response to the improvised construction by the rural population, of hut settlements – so-called Bidonvilles – at the outskirts of cities like Casablanca and Rabat. The strategies of the Service de l’Urbanisme in Morocco directed by Michel Ecochard varied from the re-ordering of the slum settlements (restructuration) to temporary re-housing (relogement), and finally to the creation of new housing estates (habitations à loyer moderé) based on a standard grid. The architects assumed that new architectural designs would foster an evolution of new – modern – lifestyles and saw their architecture as the catalyst of an individual as well as a collective process of modernization. The new housing complexes – the Ain Chok, Carrières Centrales, El Hank, and Sidi Othman, among others – were divided into developments for Muslims, Jews, and Europeans. The estates for Muslims were built farther away from the colonial European city on the edge of an empty intermediate zone known as the Zone Sanitaire. It had been created by the protectorate and was bordered by circular roads and a motorway. The Carrières Centrales developments were built next to one of the largest bidonvilles settlements to house growing numbers of rural immigrants in Casablanca. The Cité Horizontale was tested as a series of low-rise patio houses, while the Cité Verticale was tested as a series of high-rise patio houses. The idea behind this field study was to create homes for workers and local employees who worked for the protectorate. However, the rent was so high for most of the people living in the bidonvilles that few could afford a flat that was “built for them.”(MvO)



Sources:

Avermaete, Tom. Another Modern: The Post-war Architecture and Urbanism of Candilis-Josic-Woods. Rotterdam: NAi, 2005.

Cohen, Jean-Louis and Monique Eleb. Casablanca: Colonial Myth and Architectural Ventures. New York: Monacelli Press, 2002.

Eleb, Monique. “An Alternative Functionalist Universalism: Ecochard, Candilis and ATBAT-Afrique.” In Anxious Modernisms Experimentation in Postwar Architectural Culture edited by Sarah Williams Goldhagen and Réjean Legault, 55-74. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000.',
			'published' => '2012-03-05 21:44:26',
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			'title' => 'The Housing Grid by Michel Ecochard',
			'lead' => 'Modernist Patio Houses in Morocco',
			'abstract' => '',
			'text' => 'In Casablanca, Michel Ecochard, director of the Morocco Department of Urban Planning (1946-1952), developed a specific urban planning concept. 

Knowledge of the social and physical characteristics of the field was a prerequisite to the plan: ‘the art of urban planning’ laid in ‘fitting into reality’. Ecochard used sociological and building surveys to investigate ‘human groups’ in “all of their daily realities, as well as cartographic and statistical analyses, used to identify ‘the city’s fundamental tendencies.” To construct ‘Housing for the Greatest Number’ of the colonized factory workers, Michel Ecochard established a Housing Grid as the main planning instrument for new urban neighborhoods that replaced the numerous bidonvilles from the late 1940s to the mid 1950s. In order to construct ‘housing for the greatest number’ for the colonized factory workers – mostly migrants from rural areas, the Ecochard Grid was dimensioned according to a courtyard dwelling typology, believed to be the appropriate Habitat adapté for the future inhabitants, the former bidonvilles dwellers. His so-called ‘Housing Grid for Muslims’ measured 8 by 8 meters and consisted of two rooms and a large outdoor space, related to the Arabic Patio. Part of the ensuing 64 m2 was organized as a so-called neighborhood unit, resulting in an intricate ground-level structure of patio-dwellings, alleys, and public squares. 

The Ecochard Grid is a very special example of transcultural modernism that was specifically developed in the European colonies. On one hand, Ecochard tried to study the Arabic house and its function, but he also adapted the grid structure and the neighborhood unit concepts by Stein and Perry for his Casablanca low-rise scheme. Moreover, the discourses and practices of the industrialization of building as well as the houses for Existenz Minimum are articulated in these structures. Implemented until 1984, the Ecochard Grid has been the most prevalent planning structure used in Casablanca’s suburbs until today. It has been implemented in other cities in North Africa and the Middle East. (MvO)



Scources:

Avermaete, Tom. Another Modern: The Post-war Architecture and Urbanism of Candilis-Josic-Woods. Rotterdam: NAi, 2005.

Cohen, Jean-Louis and Monique Eleb. Casablanca: Colonial Myth and Architectural Ventures. New York: Monacelli Press, 2002.

Eleb, Monique. “An Alternative Functionalist Universalism: Ecochard, Candilis and ATBAT-Afrique.” In Anxious Modernisms Experimentation in Postwar Architectural Culture edited by Sarah Williams Goldhagen and Réjean Legault, 55-74. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 200



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Morocco gained its independence in 1956.
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			'abstract' => 'The “bidonville” known as Carrières Centrales in Casablanca was located not only right next to one of the largest phosphatefactories in Morocco, but also to one of the testing grounds fornew mass housing concepts. Experimental low-rise and high-risebuildings were developed here. The “Carrière centrale” developments were built next to the Bidonvilles settlements to house growing numbers of rural immigrants. The “Cité Horizontale” was tested as a series of low-rise patio houses, while the “Cité Verticale” was tested as a series of high-rise patio houses.  Arial view from 1952. ',
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			'abstract' => '“The notion of the 'Habitat for the greatest number' without unit, implies an original way of thinking. Numbers are replaced by facts.” (Georges Candilis, 1960)',
			'text' => 'The large-scale housing projects in the outskirts of Casablanca had been developed for local migrants who came from rural areas. In Morocco the Service de l’Urbanisme of Michel Écochard which co-operated with ethnologists, geographers and sociologists, was asked for a response to the improvised construction by the rural population, of hut settlements – so-called Bidonvilles – at the outskirts of cities like Casablanca and Rabat. The strategies of the Service de l’Urbanisme in Morocco directed by Michel Ecochard varied from the re-ordering of the slum settlements (restructuration) to temporary re-housing (relogement), and finally to the creation of new housing estates (habitations à loyer moderé) based on a standard grid. The architects assumed that new architectural designs would foster an evolution of new – modern – lifestyles and saw their architecture as the catalyst of an individual as well as a collective process of modernization. The new housing complexes – the Ain Chok, Carrières Centrales, El Hank, and Sidi Othman, among others – were divided into developments for Muslims, Jews, and Europeans. The estates for Muslims were built farther away from the colonial European city on the edge of an empty intermediate zone known as the Zone Sanitaire. It had been created by the protectorate and was bordered by circular roads and a motorway. The Carrières Centrales developments were built next to one of the largest bidonvilles settlements to house growing numbers of rural immigrants in Casablanca. The Cité Horizontale was tested as a series of low-rise patio houses, while the Cité Verticale was tested as a series of high-rise patio houses. The idea behind this field study was to create homes for workers and local employees who worked for the protectorate. However, the rent was so high for most of the people living in the bidonvilles that few could afford a flat that was “built for them.”(MvO)



Sources:

Avermaete, Tom. Another Modern: The Post-war Architecture and Urbanism of Candilis-Josic-Woods. Rotterdam: NAi, 2005.

Cohen, Jean-Louis and Monique Eleb. Casablanca: Colonial Myth and Architectural Ventures. New York: Monacelli Press, 2002.

Eleb, Monique. “An Alternative Functionalist Universalism: Ecochard, Candilis and ATBAT-Afrique.” In Anxious Modernisms Experimentation in Postwar Architectural Culture edited by Sarah Williams Goldhagen and Réjean Legault, 55-74. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000.',
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			'title' => 'The Housing Grid by Michel Ecochard',
			'lead' => 'Modernist Patio Houses in Morocco',
			'abstract' => '',
			'text' => 'In Casablanca, Michel Ecochard, director of the Morocco Department of Urban Planning (1946-1952), developed a specific urban planning concept. 

Knowledge of the social and physical characteristics of the field was a prerequisite to the plan: ‘the art of urban planning’ laid in ‘fitting into reality’. Ecochard used sociological and building surveys to investigate ‘human groups’ in “all of their daily realities, as well as cartographic and statistical analyses, used to identify ‘the city’s fundamental tendencies.” To construct ‘Housing for the Greatest Number’ of the colonized factory workers, Michel Ecochard established a Housing Grid as the main planning instrument for new urban neighborhoods that replaced the numerous bidonvilles from the late 1940s to the mid 1950s. In order to construct ‘housing for the greatest number’ for the colonized factory workers – mostly migrants from rural areas, the Ecochard Grid was dimensioned according to a courtyard dwelling typology, believed to be the appropriate Habitat adapté for the future inhabitants, the former bidonvilles dwellers. His so-called ‘Housing Grid for Muslims’ measured 8 by 8 meters and consisted of two rooms and a large outdoor space, related to the Arabic Patio. Part of the ensuing 64 m2 was organized as a so-called neighborhood unit, resulting in an intricate ground-level structure of patio-dwellings, alleys, and public squares. 

The Ecochard Grid is a very special example of transcultural modernism that was specifically developed in the European colonies. On one hand, Ecochard tried to study the Arabic house and its function, but he also adapted the grid structure and the neighborhood unit concepts by Stein and Perry for his Casablanca low-rise scheme. Moreover, the discourses and practices of the industrialization of building as well as the houses for Existenz Minimum are articulated in these structures. Implemented until 1984, the Ecochard Grid has been the most prevalent planning structure used in Casablanca’s suburbs until today. It has been implemented in other cities in North Africa and the Middle East. (MvO)



Scources:

Avermaete, Tom. Another Modern: The Post-war Architecture and Urbanism of Candilis-Josic-Woods. Rotterdam: NAi, 2005.

Cohen, Jean-Louis and Monique Eleb. Casablanca: Colonial Myth and Architectural Ventures. New York: Monacelli Press, 2002.

Eleb, Monique. “An Alternative Functionalist Universalism: Ecochard, Candilis and ATBAT-Afrique.” In Anxious Modernisms Experimentation in Postwar Architectural Culture edited by Sarah Williams Goldhagen and Réjean Legault, 55-74. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 200



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Morocco gained its independence in 1956.
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				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 1 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 2 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 3 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 4 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
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				[maximum depth reached]
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			'user_id' => '1',
			'usergroup_id' => '0',
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			'title' => 'Theses',
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			'title' => 'Charts',
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			'usergroup_id' => '0',
			'thread_type_id' => '5',
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			'title' => 'Blog',
			'abstract' => '',
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			'created' => '2010-09-29 15:11:40',
			'modified' => '2011-03-07 20:07:28'
		),
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			'title' => 'Logbook',
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			'note' => '',
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			'modified' => '2010-09-29 18:10:01'
		),
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$div = '<div class="nav-page" id="nav_page_27"><div>Archive</div></div>'
$act = null
$aclass = 'nav-page'
in_array - [internal], line ??
include - APP/View/Elements/website/topnavigation.ctp, line 60
View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971
View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933
View::_renderElement() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 1224
View::element() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 418
include - APP/View/Website/asset.ctp, line 4
View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971
View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933
View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473
Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 968
Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 200
Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 167
[main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 107

Notice (8): Undefined variable: parent_thread_ids [APP/View/Elements/website/topnavigation.ctp, line 60]
Code Context
                    $div .= '</div></div>';
                    
                    $act = in_array($pageThread['Thread']['id'], $parent_thread_ids);
$viewFile = '/home/httpd/vhosts/k3000.ch/transculturalmodernism.org/app/View/Elements/website/topnavigation.ctp'
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			'title' => 'Website',
			'abstract' => 'Threads to store data for the Website…',
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			'abstract' => '“The notion of the 'Habitat for the greatest number' without unit, implies an original way of thinking. Numbers are replaced by facts.” (Georges Candilis, 1960)',
			'text' => 'The large-scale housing projects in the outskirts of Casablanca had been developed for local migrants who came from rural areas. In Morocco the Service de l’Urbanisme of Michel Écochard which co-operated with ethnologists, geographers and sociologists, was asked for a response to the improvised construction by the rural population, of hut settlements – so-called Bidonvilles – at the outskirts of cities like Casablanca and Rabat. The strategies of the Service de l’Urbanisme in Morocco directed by Michel Ecochard varied from the re-ordering of the slum settlements (restructuration) to temporary re-housing (relogement), and finally to the creation of new housing estates (habitations à loyer moderé) based on a standard grid. The architects assumed that new architectural designs would foster an evolution of new – modern – lifestyles and saw their architecture as the catalyst of an individual as well as a collective process of modernization. The new housing complexes – the Ain Chok, Carrières Centrales, El Hank, and Sidi Othman, among others – were divided into developments for Muslims, Jews, and Europeans. The estates for Muslims were built farther away from the colonial European city on the edge of an empty intermediate zone known as the Zone Sanitaire. It had been created by the protectorate and was bordered by circular roads and a motorway. The Carrières Centrales developments were built next to one of the largest bidonvilles settlements to house growing numbers of rural immigrants in Casablanca. The Cité Horizontale was tested as a series of low-rise patio houses, while the Cité Verticale was tested as a series of high-rise patio houses. The idea behind this field study was to create homes for workers and local employees who worked for the protectorate. However, the rent was so high for most of the people living in the bidonvilles that few could afford a flat that was “built for them.”(MvO)



Sources:

Avermaete, Tom. Another Modern: The Post-war Architecture and Urbanism of Candilis-Josic-Woods. Rotterdam: NAi, 2005.

Cohen, Jean-Louis and Monique Eleb. Casablanca: Colonial Myth and Architectural Ventures. New York: Monacelli Press, 2002.

Eleb, Monique. “An Alternative Functionalist Universalism: Ecochard, Candilis and ATBAT-Afrique.” In Anxious Modernisms Experimentation in Postwar Architectural Culture edited by Sarah Williams Goldhagen and Réjean Legault, 55-74. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000.',
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			'title' => 'The Housing Grid by Michel Ecochard',
			'lead' => 'Modernist Patio Houses in Morocco',
			'abstract' => '',
			'text' => 'In Casablanca, Michel Ecochard, director of the Morocco Department of Urban Planning (1946-1952), developed a specific urban planning concept. 

Knowledge of the social and physical characteristics of the field was a prerequisite to the plan: ‘the art of urban planning’ laid in ‘fitting into reality’. Ecochard used sociological and building surveys to investigate ‘human groups’ in “all of their daily realities, as well as cartographic and statistical analyses, used to identify ‘the city’s fundamental tendencies.” To construct ‘Housing for the Greatest Number’ of the colonized factory workers, Michel Ecochard established a Housing Grid as the main planning instrument for new urban neighborhoods that replaced the numerous bidonvilles from the late 1940s to the mid 1950s. In order to construct ‘housing for the greatest number’ for the colonized factory workers – mostly migrants from rural areas, the Ecochard Grid was dimensioned according to a courtyard dwelling typology, believed to be the appropriate Habitat adapté for the future inhabitants, the former bidonvilles dwellers. His so-called ‘Housing Grid for Muslims’ measured 8 by 8 meters and consisted of two rooms and a large outdoor space, related to the Arabic Patio. Part of the ensuing 64 m2 was organized as a so-called neighborhood unit, resulting in an intricate ground-level structure of patio-dwellings, alleys, and public squares. 

The Ecochard Grid is a very special example of transcultural modernism that was specifically developed in the European colonies. On one hand, Ecochard tried to study the Arabic house and its function, but he also adapted the grid structure and the neighborhood unit concepts by Stein and Perry for his Casablanca low-rise scheme. Moreover, the discourses and practices of the industrialization of building as well as the houses for Existenz Minimum are articulated in these structures. Implemented until 1984, the Ecochard Grid has been the most prevalent planning structure used in Casablanca’s suburbs until today. It has been implemented in other cities in North Africa and the Middle East. (MvO)



Scources:

Avermaete, Tom. Another Modern: The Post-war Architecture and Urbanism of Candilis-Josic-Woods. Rotterdam: NAi, 2005.

Cohen, Jean-Louis and Monique Eleb. Casablanca: Colonial Myth and Architectural Ventures. New York: Monacelli Press, 2002.

Eleb, Monique. “An Alternative Functionalist Universalism: Ecochard, Candilis and ATBAT-Afrique.” In Anxious Modernisms Experimentation in Postwar Architectural Culture edited by Sarah Williams Goldhagen and Réjean Legault, 55-74. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 200



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Morocco gained its independence in 1956.
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			'abstract' => 'The “bidonville” known as Carrières Centrales in Casablanca was located not only right next to one of the largest phosphatefactories in Morocco, but also to one of the testing grounds fornew mass housing concepts. Experimental low-rise and high-risebuildings were developed here. The “Carrière centrale” developments were built next to the Bidonvilles settlements to house growing numbers of rural immigrants. The “Cité Horizontale” was tested as a series of low-rise patio houses, while the “Cité Verticale” was tested as a series of high-rise patio houses.  Arial view from 1952. ',
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„Aerial View of Carrières Centrales housing“, Reproduktion einer Luftaufnahme von Casablanca, 1952   

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			'text' => 'The large-scale housing projects in the outskirts of Casablanca had been developed for local migrants who came from rural areas. In Morocco the Service de l’Urbanisme of Michel Écochard which co-operated with ethnologists, geographers and sociologists, was asked for a response to the improvised construction by the rural population, of hut settlements – so-called Bidonvilles – at the outskirts of cities like Casablanca and Rabat. The strategies of the Service de l’Urbanisme in Morocco directed by Michel Ecochard varied from the re-ordering of the slum settlements (restructuration) to temporary re-housing (relogement), and finally to the creation of new housing estates (habitations à loyer moderé) based on a standard grid. The architects assumed that new architectural designs would foster an evolution of new – modern – lifestyles and saw their architecture as the catalyst of an individual as well as a collective process of modernization. The new housing complexes – the Ain Chok, Carrières Centrales, El Hank, and Sidi Othman, among others – were divided into developments for Muslims, Jews, and Europeans. The estates for Muslims were built farther away from the colonial European city on the edge of an empty intermediate zone known as the Zone Sanitaire. It had been created by the protectorate and was bordered by circular roads and a motorway. The Carrières Centrales developments were built next to one of the largest bidonvilles settlements to house growing numbers of rural immigrants in Casablanca. The Cité Horizontale was tested as a series of low-rise patio houses, while the Cité Verticale was tested as a series of high-rise patio houses. The idea behind this field study was to create homes for workers and local employees who worked for the protectorate. However, the rent was so high for most of the people living in the bidonvilles that few could afford a flat that was “built for them.”(MvO)



Sources:

Avermaete, Tom. Another Modern: The Post-war Architecture and Urbanism of Candilis-Josic-Woods. Rotterdam: NAi, 2005.

Cohen, Jean-Louis and Monique Eleb. Casablanca: Colonial Myth and Architectural Ventures. New York: Monacelli Press, 2002.

Eleb, Monique. “An Alternative Functionalist Universalism: Ecochard, Candilis and ATBAT-Afrique.” In Anxious Modernisms Experimentation in Postwar Architectural Culture edited by Sarah Williams Goldhagen and Réjean Legault, 55-74. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000.',
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			'title' => 'The Housing Grid by Michel Ecochard',
			'lead' => 'Modernist Patio Houses in Morocco',
			'abstract' => '',
			'text' => 'In Casablanca, Michel Ecochard, director of the Morocco Department of Urban Planning (1946-1952), developed a specific urban planning concept. 

Knowledge of the social and physical characteristics of the field was a prerequisite to the plan: ‘the art of urban planning’ laid in ‘fitting into reality’. Ecochard used sociological and building surveys to investigate ‘human groups’ in “all of their daily realities, as well as cartographic and statistical analyses, used to identify ‘the city’s fundamental tendencies.” To construct ‘Housing for the Greatest Number’ of the colonized factory workers, Michel Ecochard established a Housing Grid as the main planning instrument for new urban neighborhoods that replaced the numerous bidonvilles from the late 1940s to the mid 1950s. In order to construct ‘housing for the greatest number’ for the colonized factory workers – mostly migrants from rural areas, the Ecochard Grid was dimensioned according to a courtyard dwelling typology, believed to be the appropriate Habitat adapté for the future inhabitants, the former bidonvilles dwellers. His so-called ‘Housing Grid for Muslims’ measured 8 by 8 meters and consisted of two rooms and a large outdoor space, related to the Arabic Patio. Part of the ensuing 64 m2 was organized as a so-called neighborhood unit, resulting in an intricate ground-level structure of patio-dwellings, alleys, and public squares. 

The Ecochard Grid is a very special example of transcultural modernism that was specifically developed in the European colonies. On one hand, Ecochard tried to study the Arabic house and its function, but he also adapted the grid structure and the neighborhood unit concepts by Stein and Perry for his Casablanca low-rise scheme. Moreover, the discourses and practices of the industrialization of building as well as the houses for Existenz Minimum are articulated in these structures. Implemented until 1984, the Ecochard Grid has been the most prevalent planning structure used in Casablanca’s suburbs until today. It has been implemented in other cities in North Africa and the Middle East. (MvO)



Scources:

Avermaete, Tom. Another Modern: The Post-war Architecture and Urbanism of Candilis-Josic-Woods. Rotterdam: NAi, 2005.

Cohen, Jean-Louis and Monique Eleb. Casablanca: Colonial Myth and Architectural Ventures. New York: Monacelli Press, 2002.

Eleb, Monique. “An Alternative Functionalist Universalism: Ecochard, Candilis and ATBAT-Afrique.” In Anxious Modernisms Experimentation in Postwar Architectural Culture edited by Sarah Williams Goldhagen and Réjean Legault, 55-74. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 200



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Morocco gained its independence in 1956.
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		'usergroup_id' => '3',
		'thread_type_id' => '4',
		'asset_repositoty' => '0',
		'title' => 'Website',
		'abstract' => 'Threads to store data for the Website…',
		'note' => '',
		'created' => '2010-04-10 22:03:42',
		'modified' => '2010-09-28 18:42:55'
	),
	'children' => array(
		(int) 0 => array(
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				[maximum depth reached]
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			)
		),
		(int) 1 => array(
			'Thread' => array(
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		),
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				[maximum depth reached]
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				[maximum depth reached]
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		),
		(int) 4 => array(
			'Thread' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
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			)
		),
		(int) 5 => array(
			'Thread' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'children' => array([maximum depth reached])
		)
	)
)
$subInset = '<div class="nav-page-empty"><div></div></div><div class="nav-page-empty"><div></div></div>'
$topPageThreads = array(
	(int) 0 => array(
		'Thread' => array(
			'id' => '26',
			'parent_id' => '7',
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			'rght' => '64',
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			'user_id' => '1',
			'usergroup_id' => '0',
			'thread_type_id' => '0',
			'asset_repositoty' => '0',
			'title' => 'Info',
			'abstract' => '',
			'note' => '',
			'created' => '2010-09-28 18:19:27',
			'modified' => '2010-09-28 18:19:27'
		),
		'children' => array(
			(int) 0 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
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			(int) 1 => array(
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			(int) 2 => array(
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				[maximum depth reached]
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		'Thread' => array(
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			'parent_id' => '7',
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			'rght' => '78',
			'hidden' => '0',
			'user_id' => '1',
			'usergroup_id' => '0',
			'thread_type_id' => '0',
			'asset_repositoty' => '0',
			'title' => 'Archive',
			'abstract' => '',
			'note' => '',
			'created' => '2010-09-28 18:23:28',
			'modified' => '2010-09-29 15:34:27'
		),
		'children' => array(
			(int) 0 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 1 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
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			(int) 2 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 3 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 4 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 5 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
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			'lft' => '79',
			'rght' => '92',
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			'user_id' => '1',
			'usergroup_id' => '0',
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			'note' => '',
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			'usergroup_id' => '0',
			'thread_type_id' => '5',
			'asset_repositoty' => '0',
			'title' => 'Blog',
			'abstract' => '',
			'note' => '',
			'created' => '2010-09-29 15:11:40',
			'modified' => '2011-03-07 20:07:28'
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		'children' => array(
			(int) 0 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
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			(int) 1 => array(
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				[maximum depth reached]
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			'modified' => '2010-09-29 18:10:01'
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		'children' => array()
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$thesesThreadId = (int) 28
$pageThread = array(
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		'title' => 'Theses',
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			'children' => array([maximum depth reached])
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			'Thread' => array(
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			'children' => array([maximum depth reached])
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)
$div = '<div class="nav-page" id="nav_page_28"><div>Theses</div></div>'
$act = null
$aclass = 'nav-page'
in_array - [internal], line ??
include - APP/View/Elements/website/topnavigation.ctp, line 60
View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971
View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933
View::_renderElement() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 1224
View::element() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 418
include - APP/View/Website/asset.ctp, line 4
View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971
View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933
View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473
Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 968
Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 200
Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 167
[main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 107

Notice (8): Undefined variable: parent_thread_ids [APP/View/Elements/website/topnavigation.ctp, line 60]
Code Context
                    $div .= '</div></div>';
                    
                    $act = in_array($pageThread['Thread']['id'], $parent_thread_ids);
$viewFile = '/home/httpd/vhosts/k3000.ch/transculturalmodernism.org/app/View/Elements/website/topnavigation.ctp'
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			'asset_repositoty' => '0',
			'title' => 'Website',
			'abstract' => 'Threads to store data for the Website…',
			'note' => '',
			'created' => '2010-04-10 22:03:42',
			'modified' => '2010-09-28 18:42:55'
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			'abstract' => '“The notion of the 'Habitat for the greatest number' without unit, implies an original way of thinking. Numbers are replaced by facts.” (Georges Candilis, 1960)',
			'text' => 'The large-scale housing projects in the outskirts of Casablanca had been developed for local migrants who came from rural areas. In Morocco the Service de l’Urbanisme of Michel Écochard which co-operated with ethnologists, geographers and sociologists, was asked for a response to the improvised construction by the rural population, of hut settlements – so-called Bidonvilles – at the outskirts of cities like Casablanca and Rabat. The strategies of the Service de l’Urbanisme in Morocco directed by Michel Ecochard varied from the re-ordering of the slum settlements (restructuration) to temporary re-housing (relogement), and finally to the creation of new housing estates (habitations à loyer moderé) based on a standard grid. The architects assumed that new architectural designs would foster an evolution of new – modern – lifestyles and saw their architecture as the catalyst of an individual as well as a collective process of modernization. The new housing complexes – the Ain Chok, Carrières Centrales, El Hank, and Sidi Othman, among others – were divided into developments for Muslims, Jews, and Europeans. The estates for Muslims were built farther away from the colonial European city on the edge of an empty intermediate zone known as the Zone Sanitaire. It had been created by the protectorate and was bordered by circular roads and a motorway. The Carrières Centrales developments were built next to one of the largest bidonvilles settlements to house growing numbers of rural immigrants in Casablanca. The Cité Horizontale was tested as a series of low-rise patio houses, while the Cité Verticale was tested as a series of high-rise patio houses. The idea behind this field study was to create homes for workers and local employees who worked for the protectorate. However, the rent was so high for most of the people living in the bidonvilles that few could afford a flat that was “built for them.”(MvO)



Sources:

Avermaete, Tom. Another Modern: The Post-war Architecture and Urbanism of Candilis-Josic-Woods. Rotterdam: NAi, 2005.

Cohen, Jean-Louis and Monique Eleb. Casablanca: Colonial Myth and Architectural Ventures. New York: Monacelli Press, 2002.

Eleb, Monique. “An Alternative Functionalist Universalism: Ecochard, Candilis and ATBAT-Afrique.” In Anxious Modernisms Experimentation in Postwar Architectural Culture edited by Sarah Williams Goldhagen and Réjean Legault, 55-74. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000.',
			'published' => '2012-03-05 21:44:26',
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			'title' => 'The Housing Grid by Michel Ecochard',
			'lead' => 'Modernist Patio Houses in Morocco',
			'abstract' => '',
			'text' => 'In Casablanca, Michel Ecochard, director of the Morocco Department of Urban Planning (1946-1952), developed a specific urban planning concept. 

Knowledge of the social and physical characteristics of the field was a prerequisite to the plan: ‘the art of urban planning’ laid in ‘fitting into reality’. Ecochard used sociological and building surveys to investigate ‘human groups’ in “all of their daily realities, as well as cartographic and statistical analyses, used to identify ‘the city’s fundamental tendencies.” To construct ‘Housing for the Greatest Number’ of the colonized factory workers, Michel Ecochard established a Housing Grid as the main planning instrument for new urban neighborhoods that replaced the numerous bidonvilles from the late 1940s to the mid 1950s. In order to construct ‘housing for the greatest number’ for the colonized factory workers – mostly migrants from rural areas, the Ecochard Grid was dimensioned according to a courtyard dwelling typology, believed to be the appropriate Habitat adapté for the future inhabitants, the former bidonvilles dwellers. His so-called ‘Housing Grid for Muslims’ measured 8 by 8 meters and consisted of two rooms and a large outdoor space, related to the Arabic Patio. Part of the ensuing 64 m2 was organized as a so-called neighborhood unit, resulting in an intricate ground-level structure of patio-dwellings, alleys, and public squares. 

The Ecochard Grid is a very special example of transcultural modernism that was specifically developed in the European colonies. On one hand, Ecochard tried to study the Arabic house and its function, but he also adapted the grid structure and the neighborhood unit concepts by Stein and Perry for his Casablanca low-rise scheme. Moreover, the discourses and practices of the industrialization of building as well as the houses for Existenz Minimum are articulated in these structures. Implemented until 1984, the Ecochard Grid has been the most prevalent planning structure used in Casablanca’s suburbs until today. It has been implemented in other cities in North Africa and the Middle East. (MvO)



Scources:

Avermaete, Tom. Another Modern: The Post-war Architecture and Urbanism of Candilis-Josic-Woods. Rotterdam: NAi, 2005.

Cohen, Jean-Louis and Monique Eleb. Casablanca: Colonial Myth and Architectural Ventures. New York: Monacelli Press, 2002.

Eleb, Monique. “An Alternative Functionalist Universalism: Ecochard, Candilis and ATBAT-Afrique.” In Anxious Modernisms Experimentation in Postwar Architectural Culture edited by Sarah Williams Goldhagen and Réjean Legault, 55-74. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 200



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Morocco gained its independence in 1956.
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Warning (2): in_array() expects parameter 2 to be array, null given [APP/View/Elements/website/topnavigation.ctp, line 60]
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			'abstract' => '“The notion of the 'Habitat for the greatest number' without unit, implies an original way of thinking. Numbers are replaced by facts.” (Georges Candilis, 1960)',
			'text' => 'The large-scale housing projects in the outskirts of Casablanca had been developed for local migrants who came from rural areas. In Morocco the Service de l’Urbanisme of Michel Écochard which co-operated with ethnologists, geographers and sociologists, was asked for a response to the improvised construction by the rural population, of hut settlements – so-called Bidonvilles – at the outskirts of cities like Casablanca and Rabat. The strategies of the Service de l’Urbanisme in Morocco directed by Michel Ecochard varied from the re-ordering of the slum settlements (restructuration) to temporary re-housing (relogement), and finally to the creation of new housing estates (habitations à loyer moderé) based on a standard grid. The architects assumed that new architectural designs would foster an evolution of new – modern – lifestyles and saw their architecture as the catalyst of an individual as well as a collective process of modernization. The new housing complexes – the Ain Chok, Carrières Centrales, El Hank, and Sidi Othman, among others – were divided into developments for Muslims, Jews, and Europeans. The estates for Muslims were built farther away from the colonial European city on the edge of an empty intermediate zone known as the Zone Sanitaire. It had been created by the protectorate and was bordered by circular roads and a motorway. The Carrières Centrales developments were built next to one of the largest bidonvilles settlements to house growing numbers of rural immigrants in Casablanca. The Cité Horizontale was tested as a series of low-rise patio houses, while the Cité Verticale was tested as a series of high-rise patio houses. The idea behind this field study was to create homes for workers and local employees who worked for the protectorate. However, the rent was so high for most of the people living in the bidonvilles that few could afford a flat that was “built for them.”(MvO)



Sources:

Avermaete, Tom. Another Modern: The Post-war Architecture and Urbanism of Candilis-Josic-Woods. Rotterdam: NAi, 2005.

Cohen, Jean-Louis and Monique Eleb. Casablanca: Colonial Myth and Architectural Ventures. New York: Monacelli Press, 2002.

Eleb, Monique. “An Alternative Functionalist Universalism: Ecochard, Candilis and ATBAT-Afrique.” In Anxious Modernisms Experimentation in Postwar Architectural Culture edited by Sarah Williams Goldhagen and Réjean Legault, 55-74. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000.',
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			'title' => 'The Housing Grid by Michel Ecochard',
			'lead' => 'Modernist Patio Houses in Morocco',
			'abstract' => '',
			'text' => 'In Casablanca, Michel Ecochard, director of the Morocco Department of Urban Planning (1946-1952), developed a specific urban planning concept. 

Knowledge of the social and physical characteristics of the field was a prerequisite to the plan: ‘the art of urban planning’ laid in ‘fitting into reality’. Ecochard used sociological and building surveys to investigate ‘human groups’ in “all of their daily realities, as well as cartographic and statistical analyses, used to identify ‘the city’s fundamental tendencies.” To construct ‘Housing for the Greatest Number’ of the colonized factory workers, Michel Ecochard established a Housing Grid as the main planning instrument for new urban neighborhoods that replaced the numerous bidonvilles from the late 1940s to the mid 1950s. In order to construct ‘housing for the greatest number’ for the colonized factory workers – mostly migrants from rural areas, the Ecochard Grid was dimensioned according to a courtyard dwelling typology, believed to be the appropriate Habitat adapté for the future inhabitants, the former bidonvilles dwellers. His so-called ‘Housing Grid for Muslims’ measured 8 by 8 meters and consisted of two rooms and a large outdoor space, related to the Arabic Patio. Part of the ensuing 64 m2 was organized as a so-called neighborhood unit, resulting in an intricate ground-level structure of patio-dwellings, alleys, and public squares. 

The Ecochard Grid is a very special example of transcultural modernism that was specifically developed in the European colonies. On one hand, Ecochard tried to study the Arabic house and its function, but he also adapted the grid structure and the neighborhood unit concepts by Stein and Perry for his Casablanca low-rise scheme. Moreover, the discourses and practices of the industrialization of building as well as the houses for Existenz Minimum are articulated in these structures. Implemented until 1984, the Ecochard Grid has been the most prevalent planning structure used in Casablanca’s suburbs until today. It has been implemented in other cities in North Africa and the Middle East. (MvO)



Scources:

Avermaete, Tom. Another Modern: The Post-war Architecture and Urbanism of Candilis-Josic-Woods. Rotterdam: NAi, 2005.

Cohen, Jean-Louis and Monique Eleb. Casablanca: Colonial Myth and Architectural Ventures. New York: Monacelli Press, 2002.

Eleb, Monique. “An Alternative Functionalist Universalism: Ecochard, Candilis and ATBAT-Afrique.” In Anxious Modernisms Experimentation in Postwar Architectural Culture edited by Sarah Williams Goldhagen and Réjean Legault, 55-74. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 200



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Morocco gained its independence in 1956.
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View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933
View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473
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Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 200
Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 167
[main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 107

Notice (8): Undefined variable: parent_thread_ids [APP/View/Elements/website/topnavigation.ctp, line 60]
Code Context
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			'abstract' => '“The notion of the 'Habitat for the greatest number' without unit, implies an original way of thinking. Numbers are replaced by facts.” (Georges Candilis, 1960)',
			'text' => 'The large-scale housing projects in the outskirts of Casablanca had been developed for local migrants who came from rural areas. In Morocco the Service de l’Urbanisme of Michel Écochard which co-operated with ethnologists, geographers and sociologists, was asked for a response to the improvised construction by the rural population, of hut settlements – so-called Bidonvilles – at the outskirts of cities like Casablanca and Rabat. The strategies of the Service de l’Urbanisme in Morocco directed by Michel Ecochard varied from the re-ordering of the slum settlements (restructuration) to temporary re-housing (relogement), and finally to the creation of new housing estates (habitations à loyer moderé) based on a standard grid. The architects assumed that new architectural designs would foster an evolution of new – modern – lifestyles and saw their architecture as the catalyst of an individual as well as a collective process of modernization. The new housing complexes – the Ain Chok, Carrières Centrales, El Hank, and Sidi Othman, among others – were divided into developments for Muslims, Jews, and Europeans. The estates for Muslims were built farther away from the colonial European city on the edge of an empty intermediate zone known as the Zone Sanitaire. It had been created by the protectorate and was bordered by circular roads and a motorway. The Carrières Centrales developments were built next to one of the largest bidonvilles settlements to house growing numbers of rural immigrants in Casablanca. The Cité Horizontale was tested as a series of low-rise patio houses, while the Cité Verticale was tested as a series of high-rise patio houses. The idea behind this field study was to create homes for workers and local employees who worked for the protectorate. However, the rent was so high for most of the people living in the bidonvilles that few could afford a flat that was “built for them.”(MvO)



Sources:

Avermaete, Tom. Another Modern: The Post-war Architecture and Urbanism of Candilis-Josic-Woods. Rotterdam: NAi, 2005.

Cohen, Jean-Louis and Monique Eleb. Casablanca: Colonial Myth and Architectural Ventures. New York: Monacelli Press, 2002.

Eleb, Monique. “An Alternative Functionalist Universalism: Ecochard, Candilis and ATBAT-Afrique.” In Anxious Modernisms Experimentation in Postwar Architectural Culture edited by Sarah Williams Goldhagen and Réjean Legault, 55-74. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000.',
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			'title' => 'The Housing Grid by Michel Ecochard',
			'lead' => 'Modernist Patio Houses in Morocco',
			'abstract' => '',
			'text' => 'In Casablanca, Michel Ecochard, director of the Morocco Department of Urban Planning (1946-1952), developed a specific urban planning concept. 

Knowledge of the social and physical characteristics of the field was a prerequisite to the plan: ‘the art of urban planning’ laid in ‘fitting into reality’. Ecochard used sociological and building surveys to investigate ‘human groups’ in “all of their daily realities, as well as cartographic and statistical analyses, used to identify ‘the city’s fundamental tendencies.” To construct ‘Housing for the Greatest Number’ of the colonized factory workers, Michel Ecochard established a Housing Grid as the main planning instrument for new urban neighborhoods that replaced the numerous bidonvilles from the late 1940s to the mid 1950s. In order to construct ‘housing for the greatest number’ for the colonized factory workers – mostly migrants from rural areas, the Ecochard Grid was dimensioned according to a courtyard dwelling typology, believed to be the appropriate Habitat adapté for the future inhabitants, the former bidonvilles dwellers. His so-called ‘Housing Grid for Muslims’ measured 8 by 8 meters and consisted of two rooms and a large outdoor space, related to the Arabic Patio. Part of the ensuing 64 m2 was organized as a so-called neighborhood unit, resulting in an intricate ground-level structure of patio-dwellings, alleys, and public squares. 

The Ecochard Grid is a very special example of transcultural modernism that was specifically developed in the European colonies. On one hand, Ecochard tried to study the Arabic house and its function, but he also adapted the grid structure and the neighborhood unit concepts by Stein and Perry for his Casablanca low-rise scheme. Moreover, the discourses and practices of the industrialization of building as well as the houses for Existenz Minimum are articulated in these structures. Implemented until 1984, the Ecochard Grid has been the most prevalent planning structure used in Casablanca’s suburbs until today. It has been implemented in other cities in North Africa and the Middle East. (MvO)



Scources:

Avermaete, Tom. Another Modern: The Post-war Architecture and Urbanism of Candilis-Josic-Woods. Rotterdam: NAi, 2005.

Cohen, Jean-Louis and Monique Eleb. Casablanca: Colonial Myth and Architectural Ventures. New York: Monacelli Press, 2002.

Eleb, Monique. “An Alternative Functionalist Universalism: Ecochard, Candilis and ATBAT-Afrique.” In Anxious Modernisms Experimentation in Postwar Architectural Culture edited by Sarah Williams Goldhagen and Réjean Legault, 55-74. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 200



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Warning (2): in_array() expects parameter 2 to be array, null given [APP/View/Elements/website/topnavigation.ctp, line 60]
Code Context
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			'abstract' => '“The notion of the 'Habitat for the greatest number' without unit, implies an original way of thinking. Numbers are replaced by facts.” (Georges Candilis, 1960)',
			'text' => 'The large-scale housing projects in the outskirts of Casablanca had been developed for local migrants who came from rural areas. In Morocco the Service de l’Urbanisme of Michel Écochard which co-operated with ethnologists, geographers and sociologists, was asked for a response to the improvised construction by the rural population, of hut settlements – so-called Bidonvilles – at the outskirts of cities like Casablanca and Rabat. The strategies of the Service de l’Urbanisme in Morocco directed by Michel Ecochard varied from the re-ordering of the slum settlements (restructuration) to temporary re-housing (relogement), and finally to the creation of new housing estates (habitations à loyer moderé) based on a standard grid. The architects assumed that new architectural designs would foster an evolution of new – modern – lifestyles and saw their architecture as the catalyst of an individual as well as a collective process of modernization. The new housing complexes – the Ain Chok, Carrières Centrales, El Hank, and Sidi Othman, among others – were divided into developments for Muslims, Jews, and Europeans. The estates for Muslims were built farther away from the colonial European city on the edge of an empty intermediate zone known as the Zone Sanitaire. It had been created by the protectorate and was bordered by circular roads and a motorway. The Carrières Centrales developments were built next to one of the largest bidonvilles settlements to house growing numbers of rural immigrants in Casablanca. The Cité Horizontale was tested as a series of low-rise patio houses, while the Cité Verticale was tested as a series of high-rise patio houses. The idea behind this field study was to create homes for workers and local employees who worked for the protectorate. However, the rent was so high for most of the people living in the bidonvilles that few could afford a flat that was “built for them.”(MvO)



Sources:

Avermaete, Tom. Another Modern: The Post-war Architecture and Urbanism of Candilis-Josic-Woods. Rotterdam: NAi, 2005.

Cohen, Jean-Louis and Monique Eleb. Casablanca: Colonial Myth and Architectural Ventures. New York: Monacelli Press, 2002.

Eleb, Monique. “An Alternative Functionalist Universalism: Ecochard, Candilis and ATBAT-Afrique.” In Anxious Modernisms Experimentation in Postwar Architectural Culture edited by Sarah Williams Goldhagen and Réjean Legault, 55-74. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000.',
			'published' => '2012-03-05 21:44:26',
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			'title' => 'The Housing Grid by Michel Ecochard',
			'lead' => 'Modernist Patio Houses in Morocco',
			'abstract' => '',
			'text' => 'In Casablanca, Michel Ecochard, director of the Morocco Department of Urban Planning (1946-1952), developed a specific urban planning concept. 

Knowledge of the social and physical characteristics of the field was a prerequisite to the plan: ‘the art of urban planning’ laid in ‘fitting into reality’. Ecochard used sociological and building surveys to investigate ‘human groups’ in “all of their daily realities, as well as cartographic and statistical analyses, used to identify ‘the city’s fundamental tendencies.” To construct ‘Housing for the Greatest Number’ of the colonized factory workers, Michel Ecochard established a Housing Grid as the main planning instrument for new urban neighborhoods that replaced the numerous bidonvilles from the late 1940s to the mid 1950s. In order to construct ‘housing for the greatest number’ for the colonized factory workers – mostly migrants from rural areas, the Ecochard Grid was dimensioned according to a courtyard dwelling typology, believed to be the appropriate Habitat adapté for the future inhabitants, the former bidonvilles dwellers. His so-called ‘Housing Grid for Muslims’ measured 8 by 8 meters and consisted of two rooms and a large outdoor space, related to the Arabic Patio. Part of the ensuing 64 m2 was organized as a so-called neighborhood unit, resulting in an intricate ground-level structure of patio-dwellings, alleys, and public squares. 

The Ecochard Grid is a very special example of transcultural modernism that was specifically developed in the European colonies. On one hand, Ecochard tried to study the Arabic house and its function, but he also adapted the grid structure and the neighborhood unit concepts by Stein and Perry for his Casablanca low-rise scheme. Moreover, the discourses and practices of the industrialization of building as well as the houses for Existenz Minimum are articulated in these structures. Implemented until 1984, the Ecochard Grid has been the most prevalent planning structure used in Casablanca’s suburbs until today. It has been implemented in other cities in North Africa and the Middle East. (MvO)



Scources:

Avermaete, Tom. Another Modern: The Post-war Architecture and Urbanism of Candilis-Josic-Woods. Rotterdam: NAi, 2005.

Cohen, Jean-Louis and Monique Eleb. Casablanca: Colonial Myth and Architectural Ventures. New York: Monacelli Press, 2002.

Eleb, Monique. “An Alternative Functionalist Universalism: Ecochard, Candilis and ATBAT-Afrique.” In Anxious Modernisms Experimentation in Postwar Architectural Culture edited by Sarah Williams Goldhagen and Réjean Legault, 55-74. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 200



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			'title' => 'Carrières Centrales',
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			'text' => 'In 1951 the “Carrières Centrales” developments were built next to one of the largest Bidonvilles settlements to house growing numbers of rural immigrants in Casablanca. The “Cité Horizontale” was tested as a series of low-rise patio houses, while the “Cité Verticale” was tested as a series of high-rise patio houses. The idea behind this field study was to create homes for factory workers and local employees who worked in the Phosphat Factory nearby or for european housholds. However, the rent of this new housing projects was too high for most of the people living in the Bidonvilles that few could afford a flat that was “built for them.” And a the new settelments were erected, the french military became increasingly present in everyday city life. and on the constrcution site itself.

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Morocco gained its independence in 1956.
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